一、五行学说的概念

五行学说同“阴阳学说”一样，它也是一种哲学概念，是一种认识和分析事物的思想方法。

“五行”，就是自然界中“木、火、土、金、水”这五类物质的运动。

“五行学说”是指这五类物质的运动变化，以及它们之间的相互关系，以相生、相克作为解释事物之间相互关联及运动变化规律的说理工具。

祖国医学中，首先以归类的方法，说明人体各部位之间，与外在环境之间的相互关系，其次是在五行归类的基础上，以五脏为中心，以五行的相生、相克关系，说明人体各部之间在生理过程中的关系。在病理情况下，也以这种关系分析判断病情。

五行的属性：

木－代表生气旺盛的－“木曰曲直”。

火－代表炎热的、向上的－“火曰炎上”。

土－代表具有营养作用的－“土曰稼穑”。

金－代表具有摧残杀伤作用的－“金曰从革”。

水－代表寒冷的、向下的－“水曰润下”。

二、五行学说的内容

（一）五行学说的基本规律

1.相生规律：生，含有资生、助长、促进的意义。五行之间，都具有互相资生、互相助长的关系。这种关系简称为“五行相生”。

五行相生的次序是：木生火，火生土，土生金，金生水，水生木。在五行相生的关系中，任何一行都具有生我，我生两方面的关系，也就是母子关系。生我者为母、我生者为子。以水为例，生我者为金，则金为水之母；我生者是木，则木为水之子。其它四行，以此类推。由于肝属木，心属火，脾属土，肺属金，肾属水,结合五脏来讲，就是肝生心，心生脾，脾生肺，肺生肾，肾生肝起资生和促进作用。

2.相克规律：克，含有制约、阻抑、克服的意义。五行之间，都具有相互制约、相互克服，相互阻抑的关系，简称“五行相克”。

五行相克的次序是：木克土，土克水，水克火，火克金，金克木.。在五行相克的关系中，任何一行都具有克我、我克两方面的关系，也就是“所胜”、“所不胜”的关系。克我者为“所不胜”，我克者为“所胜”。以木为例，克我者为金，则金为木之“所不胜”，我克者为土，则土为木之“所胜”。其它四行，以此类推。结合五脏来讲，就是肝克脾，脾克肾，肾克心，心克肺、肺克肝，起着制约和阻抑的作用。

3．五行制化：在五行相生之中，同时寓有相克，在相克之中，同时也寓有相生。这是自然界运动变化的一般规律。如果只有相生而无相克，就不能保持正常的平衡发展；有相克而无相生，则万物不会有生化。所以相生，相克是一切事物维持相对平衡的两个不可缺少的条件。只有在相互作用，相互协调的基础上，才能促进事物的生化不息。例如，木能克土，但土却能生金制木。因此，在这种情况下，土虽被克，但并不会发生偏衰。其它火、土、金、水都是如此。古人把五行相生寓有相克和五行相克寓有相生的这种内在联系，名之曰“五行制化”。制化规律的具体情况如下：

木克土，土生金，金克木。

火克金，金生水，水克火。

土克水，水生木，木克土。

金克木，木生火，火克金。

水克火，火生土，土克水。

关于五行相生、相克、制化及其内在联系见图2－1、2、3。

4．相乘规律：乘，是乘袭的意思。从五行生克规律来看，是一种病理的反常现象。相乘与相克意义相似，只是超出了正常范围，达到了病理的程度。相乘与相克的次序也是一致的。即是木乘土，土乘水，水乘火、火乘金，金乘木。如木克土，当木气太过，金则不能对木加以正常的制约，因此，太过无制的木乘土，即过强的木克土，土被乘更虚，而不能生金，故金虚弱，无力制木。

5．相侮规律：侮，是欺侮的意思。从五行生克规律来看，与相乘一样，同样属于病理的反常现象。但相侮与反克的意义相似，故有时又曰反侮。相侮的次序也与相克相反，即是：木侮金，金侮火，火侮水，水侮土，土侮木。

以上相乘、相侮的两个规律，都是在病理情况下才会产生，例如，水气有余，便克害火气（图所胜），同时又会反过来侮土（所不胜）。如果水气不足，则土来乘之（所不胜），火来侮之（图所胜）。这都是由于太过和不及出现的反常现象。参与图2－4、5、6。

→示相生

--→示相克

图2－1 五行相生寓有相克图

→示相生→示相克

图2－2五行相克寓有相生图

→示相生→示相克

图2－3 五行制化关系图

图2－4五行相乘相侮图

图2－5 水气有余

图2－6 水气不足

（二）自然与人体结构、机能的五行分属

祖国医学理论，不仅认为人体各部分是一个整体，而且认为人体与外在自然境，也有其相应的关系。为了说明体内体外的整体性和它们之间复杂的关系，在祖国医学中，便以五行为中心，按照它的各个特性，用取类比象的方法，将自然界和人体有关的事物按其属性，形态现象相类同的，分别归纳，成为五大类。其主要目的是便利于了解各种事物之间的关系，并作为观察事物变化的推演法则。见表2－1。

表2－1 五行归类

发展过程

五色

五味

五气

五方

五脏

五腑

五体

五志

五官 春

生

青

酸

风

东

肝

胆

筋

怒

目 夏

长

赤

苦

署

南

心

小肠

脉

喜

舌 长夏

化

黄

甘

湿

中

脾

胃

肉

思

口 秋

收

白

辛

燥

西

肺

大肠

皮毛

悲忧

鼻 冬

藏

黑

咸

寒

北

肾

膀胱

骨

惊恐

耳

从表中可以看出，每一行所属各种现象之间的关系，也可能说明事物变化发展互相推移的综合关系。例如，以木来说，春季草木开始萌芽生长，呈现了蓬勃的生气，并出现青的颜色，故用木来象征春。在生长化收藏的过程中，属于“生”的一环。春季多风，结合人体肝脏性喜条达舒畅，象征着木和春的情况。而五脏中的肝和六腑中的胆是表里关系，肝又开窍于目，在五体中主筋，故肝病每多出现目病或抽筋（痉挛）的症状。肝木旺者多喜怒，而大怒又易伤肝，所以在五志中主怒。某些肝病，往往会出现青的颜色。

把以上这些自然现象和生理与病理现象联系在一起，就可以把木、春、肝、胆、目、筋、怒、青等一系列的事物和现象，归属于木的一类之下，形成了一个系统。

若是从横的方面来看，则亦有明显联系，就以五行本身来说，木生火，火生土，土生金，金生水……，就是明显的横的联系。

（三）五行学说在临床中的应用

中医学运用五行的生克乘侮规律来解释五脏病变的相互影响关系，利用调整五脏间生克乘侮关系来治病。如：①肝木乘脾土，则临床上见肝脾不和证，治疗时一般是采取“培土抑木”（疏肝健脾）的方法。②肾生肝，（水生木）肾精能滋养肝脾不和证，即“水能生木”，当“肾水”不足时，肝木失养，病人出现“肝阳上亢”等水不涵木的病证，治疗时要滋水涵木，肝阳上亢的证候可以得到改善。③肾助脾（火生土），脾的运化功能需要肾阳的帮助才能正常进行，如果肾阳虚导致脾阳虚，临床上出现脾肾阳虚证，产生腹泻、水肿等证。治宜温补肾火，资助脾阳（温肾健脾）的方法。④脾益肺（土生金），脾气健运，将饮食精微运输给肺，从而保持肺的功能正常，脾虚精微不升，废浊不降，容易产生痰湿，出现痰多，咳嗽等肺的症状，治疗则需健脾化痰，即“培土生金”健脾补肺的方法治疗，往往取得较好的效果。⑤肾济心（水火相济），肾主水，心主火，肾藏精。正常时，心肾互济，心助肾以阳，肾助心以阴，互相交往，保持平衡状态，中医叫“心肾相交”。如肾水不足，则不能滋润心阳，就会引起心火亢盛的症状，出现“心肾不交证。”治疗应当滋肾水（阴）降心火，使病证得以痊愈。

总之，懂得这些规律，可以帮助加深对中医病因，病理的理解。治疗方面，同样利用五行关系，指导临床实践，仍有一定意义。

9月对中国各大院校的新生是特殊的。而对16个新生今年9月又极其特殊。他们是第一批将在一所中国大学学习挪威语言和文化的学生。

2007/8/31 :: 北京外国语大学欧洲系的老师们和挪威使馆已努力多时，使中国学生学习挪威语成为可能。
从今年开始，北外将第一次提供四年的挪威语言和文化本科学位。

北京外国语大学
北京外国语大学以杰出教授不同语种而著名，提供中国最多语种课程。并成为外交，外贸，翻译，新闻，文化和教育的重要培训基地。前外交部长李肇星和300多位大使，700多位领事都是前北外校友。 北外之所以被称为中国“外交官的摇篮”。

挪威语言和文化课程
从上百申请人中，16位学生被选出，成为北外第一个挪威语班。他们除了学习挪威语，还将学习挪威历史，社会和文化。课程的目的是加强中国对挪威的了解。

(北外第一个挪威语和文化班级学生和教师们 (巴德，王桂生，梁友平)及挪威使馆代办裴杰先生.)

为了帮助学生们提高挪威语和文化的知识，他们将有三个富有资格和经验的教师。

巴德（B&>29;rd Sandvei ）在奥斯陆大学向外国学生教授挪威语作为第二语言已有多年。作为一名语言学家，他多年来负责奥斯陆大学的翻译教学课程。他先被聘为北外老师。

他的另两位中国同事同样具有丰富挪威经验。一位是前瑞典大使王桂生， 他于60年代在挪威生活和学习过很长一段时间。另一位是梁友平，同样在三个不同阶段驻派中国驻挪威大使馆。

开幕
8月29日是北外正式学年开始时间。学生们教师们带领挪威使馆代办裴杰先生和临时文化参赞李陀先生 参观新的教室。学生们积极利用机会询问关于挪威的问题。显示学生们对挪威的认识在增加。一名学生希望了解更多关于挪威食物和维京人。如果这能代表整学年学 生们的求职欲望，挪威语言和文化将发扬光大。

JCrew is now having a sale on their swim collection! Just in time for summer. Their collection features a variety of bikini prints to suit your preppy taste. There are polka dots, plaid and of course, plain. Not sure why they didn't have stripes as those seem to be quite popular this season. Those of you who are into vintage, there are hipster bottoms as well as halter tops.

For more, please visit jcrew.com

Katherine Noel Brosnahan was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1962. While majoring in journalism at Arizona State University, she met her husband Andy Spade and together they would launch one of the biggest brand names in handbags - Kate Spade.

The bags are often featured in fashion magazines but they really have that timeless preppy flair in them. The bags are reminiscent of a bygone era of class, sophistication and style we see in some old Hollywood movies for instance. Kate Spade has moved beyond bags and now features other items for women. There are shoes, clothes, stationery and even baby items. There's also Kate Spade Music by Beaumont, a modern pop band from the UK, offering a nod to '60s cocktail music with a jolt of modern glamour.

There are certain products that men everywhere turn to for reliability and inherent style. Military issue chino pants, Timex watches, Lacoste shirts, Levi's, oxford cloth shirts—all represent the proverbial "real McCoy." Most were originally created to serve a purpose—Chinos for the military, Levis for the workman, Lacoste shirts for the sportsman. Mass marketers have taken the concept of these items and produced lesser products for the sake of fashion. Remember when the only great chino pant you could buy was made of heavy canvas and sold exclusively in Army/Navy stores? Unfortunately, few of these originals still exist.

We've always appreciated companies like J. Press, Brooks Brothers, Levi's, Barbour and even Oxxford Clothing for being great companies that make useful items for men. The products these companies manufacture have style because the designs have a reason for being. With these products as inspiration, we created JACK SPADE. We want to return to this approach, once again offering men items that represent both honest, thoughtful design and practical purpose.

Like J. Press? Brooks Brothers? Lacoste? Do you mean things that are preppy?

For more, please visit katespade.com and jackspade.com

Here's a taste of what's in store for fall. The Vera Bradley Fall/Winter Bag Collection is just gorgeus!

Who would have imagined that over 20 years ago a friendship and simple idea would grow to be the company Vera Bradley is today? So many things have worked in their favor. Having a great idea at the right time. Having a good name -- after Barbara Bradley Baekgaard's mother.

Vera Bradley makes preppy bags in different styles from handbags to luggage. The prints for fall are exquisite and come in patterns such as paisley, snow and medallion. Royalty was the first word that came to mind when I saw the collection. It also made me wonder whether paisley would be the hot preppy print for fall/winter like madras was for this summer. What do you think?

For more, please visit verabradley.com

The preppy travel look for women and the versatility of the silk scarf.

The look we're going to examine today is another classic. It's the look often seen with traveling preppy women. It's also the perfect look for attending a fall picnic by the coutryside or a steeple chase tailgate party.

The look involves the following basic pieces:

• Silk scarf
• Polo cable sweater
• A pair of chinos
• Pearls
• Driving moccasins.

What really gives the look its preppy panache is the silk scarf. Here, it can be seen tied as a headband giving the look an air of class and sophistication. If there's one preppy accessory that's often overlooked, it's the scarf. A scarf can offer endless possibilities for enhancing your wardrobe and is always in style regardless of the season or fashion.

The Davenport is a very versatile look.

For really cold days, the perfect match to this look is a leather or suede car coat. Complete the look by accessorizing with driving gloves and a Land Rover Defender(with luggage rack) and they'll think you’re a Virginia heiress! You can dress down by wearing jeans, a wool crewneck with a spread collar shirt(untucked) for a laidback, cosmopolitan preppy style - but the scarf is essential. It's how you wear the scarf that sets the theme of the look. Wear the scarf as an ascot for a reserved and distinguished style. Wear it as a bandanna with a pair of tortoise shell sunglasses and you're ready to escape the paparazzi!

The clothes are by Brooks Brothers.

The classic summer nautical style that makes one think of Katherine Hepburn.

It's time to start thinking about those days when summer draws to a close and the temperature starts dropping. The Montego Bay is the perfect look for such an occasion and when you don't want to give up summer just yet.

The look consists of the following basic pieces:

• A cardigan sweater.
• Nautical striped poplin or cotton shirt.
• Cropped trousers.
• A pair of espadrilles.

I don't know about you, but the style makes me think of Katherine Hepburn. There's something about the clean lines of the Montego Bay that makes it so appealing and chic. Maybe it's the shirt tied to a knot or the sweater draped over the shoulders? Whatever it is, the look oozes effortless style, just like Katherine. It's also the thing to wear for cocktails down by the marina or aboard a yacht. It's sexy, sophisticated, relaxed and of course, preppy. The clothes are from Gant.

Here's the latest on Preppy Women's Style. The look featured today is called The Key West and it features the following basic pieces.

• White polo shirt
• Cable or plain lightweight v-neck sweater
• Cotton shorts
• A pair of espadrilles

This Key West is cool summer style for women. It is a sophisticated East Coast prep look that's perfect for lounging on the beach or on a sailboat deck. Floral patterned shorts make the look really feminine and the espadrilles make it preppy chic. You can accessorize this look in many ways. A tote bag is a must have. A bandanna and/or retro Jackie O style sunglasses further adds to the sophistication of the look.

The clothes featured on the image are from Gant.

One of the great preppy summer styles for women is a floral skirt and a pastel polo shirt. Which brings me to the latest on Preppy Women's Style.

Lilly Pulitzer

The look featured today is called The Pulitzer

It's called The Pulitzer because only Lilly Pulitzer is really able to pull this kind of look well. It's really one of their signature styles along with their Palm Beach look. Mind you, pink and green is not an easy color to wear. To get the preppy effect, they have to be the right shade as well. Lilly Pulitzer does it so effortlessly with their polos and skirts that they're easy to mix and match. They actually even have a color called Prep Green. You can see many preps sporting this look on the company website gallery. Accessorize with preppy sunglasses or headbands and don't forget to put the collar up.

If you flip thru the pages of Lisa Birbach's The Official Preppy Handbook , you'll notice many of the professional preppy women are wearing dresses rather than suits. In one pictorial of socializing professionals called The Cocktail Party, four out of the seven women in the scene were wearing dresses with only one wearing a suit (the Saleswoman from Brooks Brothers). It's a testament to a time when dresses were the de regueur business wear for women rather than suits. These days, you're more apt to find the reverse which brings me to the second essay on Preppy Style; but this time for women.

The look we're going to examine is called The Associate. This look features preppy, simple and elegant business suiting for women and involves the following basic pieces:

• A waist seam jacket
• A crisp cotton shirt.
• A pair of leather pumps.
• A stretch skirt.

The Associate by Ann Taylor

This look is not only a classic but one that exudes confidence. There are many things you can do to make the look even preppier but the keywords to remember are simplicity and elegance. You want to let the fine tailoring of the suit speak for itself. Some preppy accessories include wearing a pearl necklace and earings, or carrying a leather tote bag or portfolio. Most preppy accessory is a silk scarf. You can also go with pinstripe rather than plain to make the look even more corporate. You can opt for pants rather than a skirt. A sheath with a square neckline or camisole rather than a shirt. Timeless preppy navy blue color suit rather than black or gray.

Conquer the business world with The Associate.